El desarrollo de las competencias ciudadanas para el mejoramiento de las relaciones sociales en estudiantes de quinto grado de la Sede B del Colegio Avelina Moreno del Socorro

El presente proyecto que tiene como objetivo general, contribuir en el desarrollo de las competencias ciudadanas en estudiantes de básica primaria para minimizar los problemas de ambientes de aulas violentos y la mejora de las relaciones sociales a través de actividades lúdica con los alumnos del grado quinto del Colegio Avelina Moreno sede B Nuestra Señora del Socorro; proyecto que fue desarrollando en tres momentos: primero la identificación de la problemática presentada mediante encuestas, segundo el diseño y aplicación de la estrategia pedagógica que estuvo constituida por recursos didácticos como lecturas, películas, análisis de casos, debates y dibujos. Como tercer momento se hace referencia a los resultados resaltando con ello la mejora del ambiente de aula y la apropiación de las competencias ciudadanas, representadas en acciones de mediaciones conflictos a nivel escolar y en el impacto positivo del ambiente de aula. El desarrollo del proyecto se enmarcó desde la metodología cualitativa la cual buscaba el cambio en los comportamientos de cada estudiante que presentaba este tipo de agresiones durante las intervenciones pedagógicas y así permitir un cambio significativo en cada uno de ellos.Universidad Libre Seccional Socorro - Facultad de ciencias de la educaciónThe present project whose general objective is to contribute to the development of citizenship skills in elementary school students to minimize the problems of violent classroom environments and the improvement of social relationships through recreational activities with fifth grade students. Colegio Avelina Moreno headquarters B Nuestra Señora del Socorro; project that was developed in three moments: first the identification of the problems presented through surveys, second the design and application of the pedagogical strategy that consisted of didactic resources such as readings, films, case analysis, debates and drawings. As a third moment, reference is made to the results, thereby highlighting the improvement of the classroom environment and the appropriation of civic competencies, represented in conflict mediation actions at the school level and in the positive impact of the classroom environment. The development of the project was framed from the qualitative methodology, which sought the change in the behaviors of each student who presented this type of aggression during the pedagogical interventions and thus allow a significant change in each one of them

Ionospheric Non-linear Effects Observed During Very-Long-Distance HF Propagation

A new super-long-range wave propagation technique was implemented at different High Frequency (HF) heating facilities. The HF waves radiated by a powerful heater were scattered into the ionospheric waveguide by the stimulated field aligned striations. This waveguide was formed in a valley region between the E- and F- layers of the ionosphere. The wave trapping and channeling provide super-long-range propagation of HF heater signals detected at the Ukrainian Antarctic Academik Vernadsky Station (UAS) which is many thousand kilometers away from the corresponding HF heating facility. This paper aims to study the excitation of the ionospheric waveguide due to the scattering of the HF heating wave by artificial field aligned irregularities. In addition, the probing of stimulated ionospheric irregularities can be obtained from analyses of the signals received at far distance from the HF heater. The paper uses a novel method of scattering of the HF radiation by the heating facility for diagnostics of non-linear effects at the super-long radio paths. Experiments were conducted at three different powerful HF facilities: EISCAT (Norway), HAARP (Alaska), and Arecibo (Puerto Rico) and by using different far spaced receiving sites. The key problems for super-long-range propagation regime is the feeding of ionospheric waveguide. Then the energy needs to exit from the waveguide at a specific location to be detected by the surface-based receiver. During our studies the waveguide feeding was provided by the scattering of HF waves by the artificial ionospheric turbulence (AIT) above the HF heater. An interesting opportunity for the channeling of the HF signals occurs due to the aspect scattering of radio waves by field aligned irregularities (FAI), when the scattering vector is parallel to the Earth surface. Such FAIs geometry takes place over the Arecibo facility. Here FAI are oriented along the geomagnetic field line inclined by 43 degrees. Since the Arecibo HF beam is vertical, the aspect scattered waves will be oriented almost horizontally toward the South. Such geometry provides unique opportunity to channel the radio wave energy into the ionospheric waveguide and excites the whispering gallery modes

The dynamics of the midlatitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere

Study of the causes of disrupted ionospheric E layers at middle latitudes. The irregularities described here are organized accordingly to the Richardson (Ri) number, starting from negative, to less than one quarter, to larger than one. Since Ri is a function of the neutral winds, a methodology to estimate the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) neutral winds between 95–130 km altitude is applied for data collected during the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) coordinated "World Day''' campaigns at Arecibo. The methodology reflects the physical coupling between the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere at E-layer heights. The method is compared with previous attempts to calculate the neutral winds at the Arecibo Observatory. The methodology is validated using error analysis and considering possible data contamination due to gravity waves. Temperature profiles, electric fields, and ion composition are also estimated. Using those parameters, the subsequent sections of the dissertation study irregularities observed in the neutral atmosphere in the MLT region during the day. Analysis of temperature variations following convective instability events shows that most of the days have broad unstable regions, where the condition needed to develop this kind of instability is present (buoyancy frequency N2 1), where Ro is the Rossby number. Finally, studies of nocturnal quasi-periodic (QP) echoes are presented to investigate their dynamic instability origin. The irregularities produced different disruptions in the E layer. Convective instability events can create broken layers. Dynamic instabilities generate billow behavior and bifurcation that can also lead to broken layers. Planetary-wave effects can explain the rotational neutral winds and changes in their rotational direction

Prenatal ultrasound diagnoses of talapes equinovarus in Bogota between 2003 and 2012

Introducción: El pie equino varo congénito (PEVC) es una de las anormalidades congénitas más frecuentes2. El diagnóstico temprano permite una intervención oportuna y mejora el pronóstico de la corrección de la deformidad. Objetivo: Describir los pacientes diagnosticados con PEVC mediante ecografías prenatales entre los años 2003 y 2012 en el Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt de la ciudad de Bogotá (IOIR) y en el consultorio de uno de los autores. Método: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en de la población a estudiar. Se analizó la normalidad de los datos de las variables cuantitativas en medición de razón mediante la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para las variables “diagnóstico prenatal” y “días de inicio del tratamiento” se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Finalmente se realizó un análisis mediante la versión 18.0 del paquete estadístico SPSS. Resultados: 178 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de selección. 34,3% de los pacientes tuvieron un diagnóstico prenatal por medio de ecografía (n=61). Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de ecografías prenatales realizadas en los pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal de PEVC en relación con quienes se diagnosticaron luego del nacimiento , siendo mayor en el primer grupo (p<0,001). Hubo un inicio de tratamiento más temprano en los pacientes con diagnostico prenatal de PEVC (mediana de 9,9 días) que en aquellos sin él (mediana de 30 días) (p<0,001). Conclusiones: El diagnóstico prenatal mediante ecografía fetal contribuye a la detección temprana de anormalidades músculo-esqueléticas como el PEVC y contribuye a la intervención temprana de los pacientes.Introduction: Congenital Talipes equinovarus (CTEV) or clubfoot is one of the most common congenital abnormalities. Early diagnoses by means of ultrasonography allows an opportune interventionand improves th deformity's correction prognosis. Goal: To describe the patients diagnosed with CTEV by means of prenatal sonographies betwen 2003 and 2012 inBogota at both, the Instituto de ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt (IOIR) and one of the authors private office. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study on the focus populatios was made. The equality of the dataof the quantitative variables in distance measure was analysed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For yhe variables "prenatal diagnoses" and "days of the start of treatment" the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Finally an analysis was made by means ofthe SPSS Statistics software package, version 18.0. Results: 178 patients met the selection criteria. 34.3% of the patients had a prenatal diagnoses by ultrasound performed, there were statisticallysignificat differences between the patients with CTEVprenatal diagnoses and those whose diagnoses come after birth, being higher in the firts group (p<0.001) Treatment began earlier for patients with a CTEV prenataly diagnosed (a mean of 28.2) than those whitout it (120 days) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Prenatal diagnoses by foetal ultrasonography contributes to an early detection of musculoesqueletal abnormalities such as CETV and promotes an early intervention of the patient